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December 1, 2023
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Black hole sunshine the deepest mine
1973, Fly’s Eye: The eye of a mosaic fly (which has authentic and mutant genotypes) “is an array of hexagonal ommatidia, each and every that contains eight photoreceptor cells (circles) and two major pigment cells (crescents), surrounded by 6 shared secondary pigment cells (ovals). The truth that a single ommatidium can have white and standard genotypes displays its cells are not essentially descended from a prevalent ancestral mobile.”
Scientific American, Vol. 229, No. 6 December 1973
1973
Nobel Prize Winners, No Ph.D. Desired
“The 1973 Nobel prize in physics was awarded to Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever ‘for their experimental discoveries with regards to tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors respectively,’ and to Brian Josephson ‘for his theoretical predictions of the attributes of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier.’ Tunneling takes place simply because particles have the properties of waves this sort of waves do not cease abruptly at a barrier but penetrate some small but measurable distance. It is remarkable that all three of the recipients did their prizewinning work before they experienced gained their doctorate.”
1923
Edison Impressed by Gasoline lighting
“There are 350,000,000 incandescent lamps in the U.S. and about an equivalent number in foreign nations around the world. When Edison initially researched incandescent light-weight, industrial arc lights operated on the ‘series’ technique, the only system for distributing electrical energy acknowledged. Latest created in the dynamo flowed by way of the area coils, out to just one lamp after yet another around a wire, then back to the dynamo. 1 lamp could not be turned on or off without the need of doing the identical with all the others. Edison recognized it hardly ever would be satisfactory for family lights. He decided to sample electrical lights right after fuel lighting, with which it would contend. He reasoned that a regular-force system could be made identical to that of gasoline. In 1879 he created a dynamo which achieved each individual requirement, and a carbon lamp in which the filament consisted of a carbonized piece of normal thread. On October 21, 1879, existing was turned into the lamp and it lasted forty-five hours. All incandescent lamps these days embody the initial characteristics.”
The Deepest Mine
“The deepest gap in the earth is a gold mine in Brazil, known as the Morro Velho or St. John del Rey mine. The St. John del Rey Mining Organization has been functioning it nearly constantly considering that 1834. The mine is now 6,726 ft underneath the surface area. The temperature of the rock at the lowest stage is 117 degrees. The miners work in an air temperature of 98 levels. The exterior air has an normal temperature of 68 levels, but is cooled to 42 degrees prior to remaining pressured to the cheapest degrees by potent enthusiasts. On its way it gains heat from the rocks and from its very own compression, due to the fact air at that wonderful depth is substantially denser than air at sea amount.”
1873
Impervious Sunshine Will Get rid of Us All
“The New Orleans Picayune tersely gives the outcomes of the learned scientific People who recently achieved in Portland. ‘Professor Younger tells us that the sun is very little but a gigantic spherical mass of gaseous make a difference, which is continually currently being contracted by the gradual cooling of its outdoors circumference. The central kernel of this big star will normally eventually be crusted over with a thick, impervious coating, through which neither gentle nor warmth can quite possibly achieve us. The consequence, as significantly as we are worried, will be overall darkness, powerful cold, the close of animal lifestyle and a return to primeval chaos.’”
Competing Routes for Panama Canal
“The Secretary of the Navy states that the two expeditions licensed by Congress to survey a canal route involving the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans have concluded their labors. The Darien expedition has picked a route like 100 miles of river navigation of the Atrato. Concerning this river and the Pacific a canal is needed, 28 miles in length. The Nicaragua expedition has identified a practicable route getting Lake Nicaragua as its summit. It is proposed to connect this lake with the Pacific by a canal 16.33 miles in duration an impartial canal 41.9 miles in size is required. The Darien appears to be to be much far more immediate and less complicated to construct.”
In 1902 the Isthmian Canal Fee made a decision on a third route, which turned the Panama Canal of today.
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